SNI Steel and Iron in Building Structural Reducing the Impact of Earthquake Risk
The author does not intend to question anyone or any institution in the Majene earthquake, West Sulawesi, Friday, January 15, 2021, at 02.28 WIT, with a magnitude of 6.2, centered six kilometers northeast of Majene Regency 2.98 South Latitude-118.94 East Longitude at a depth of 10 kilometers (BMKG). ). - Low and Iron SNI in Structural Buildings Reducing the Impact of Earthquake Risk
This earthquake had a very sharp damage effect by damaging and even knocking down several high-rise buildings.
One of the buildings that collapsed was Office Governor of West Sulawesi, Maleo Hotel, Mitra Manakarra Hospital, Service Office, and a number of residential houses.
This event cannot be disputed because the mechanism of the occurrence of a tectonic earthquake is very complex and contains infinite non-linear parameters. So predictions about when (day, hour) and where a certain earthquake will occur have not yet been formulated.
Earthquakes are determined based on the probability framework and the return period. Thus, to mitigate casualties due to earthquakes, the authors suggest that before constructing a structure (buildings, bridges, houses, retaining walls, piers, etc.) must adopt the concept of earthquake risk, at the same time only at a minimal level of structural strengthening aimed at to prevent the occurrence of fatalities (life safety). With this paper, I want to share that in a building it will always be preceded by the design and analysis of its structure.
Building Structure Model;
The design of earthquake-resistant building models is directed to choose a simple and symmetrical model. This symmetrical model is stronger to withstand earthquake forces than the asymmetrical model.
Asymmetrical building models have more lateral force displacement due to earthquakes than symmetrical buildings because asymmetrical buildings are irregular and prone to higher torques.
Thus, choosing a simple and symmetrical model has a lower seismic risk and can keep the forces evenly distributed through the structure. Therefore, in building it is expected to avoid asymmetrical models.
Structural damage due to earthquakes generally begins at the location of the structural weakness of the building which triggers severe damage which ultimately causes the collapse of the building structure. Furthermore, the position of the pole as a support (building column) must be balanced, accompanied by a roof model that is integrated with a strong connection, as well as a fairly deep foundation and strong dimensions according to the results of the soil investigation.
Not only referring to the structural model, but the selection of concrete mix materials and the size of the iron used (for reinforced concrete buildings) must meet the SNI requirements that have been set by Indonesian structural experts.
The use of reinforcing steel in the foundation, sloof, column (column connection) and even the begel must be of the right size according to the calculation of the structure.
Structural Analysis Method
It would be wise to always learn about every earthquake that has an effect on a collapsed building, both domestic and foreign events.
The method in analyzing the structure of a building, especially a multi-storey building, is a determinant in producing detailing of structural elements.
Caution in choosing a structural analysis method is very important and can even be fatal if one chooses a method. The method that has been used by structural analysts is the force-based method (in reference to SKBI 87, SKSNI-91, and SNI-2002).
This method has been popular for several years and has even become a powerful scientific weapon in analyzing a building structure. However, after the occurrence of several earthquakes that knocked down buildings such as those that have occurred on the west coast of Sumatra, the south coast of Java, Bali, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Maluku, Irian, Flores and very powerful earthquakes have occurred abroad such as Loma Prieta 1989, Northridge earthquake 1994 and Kobe earthquake 1995 in Japan.
This earthquake incident became a material for reflection for world structural experts because it seemed as if the calculation results in a method that was applied were in vain because the building collapsed suddenly and claimed a very large number of human lives when it was hit by a strong earthquake.
The analysis applied is a force-based analysis. Therefore, the authors suggest not to apply the calculation of the building structure based on the strength force because it has proven to be unsatisfactory and is no longer relevant for today's conditions where many earthquake events occur in earthquake-prone locations because this method is considered unable to achieve the specified performance level. , it can be concluded that this classical method is not able to mitigate the effects of the earthquake (collapse of buildings, roads, bridges, casualties, etc.).
The analytical method is very relevant to be applied in Indonesia for buildings above 1 floor and areas with a fairly high earthquake level such as the West Coast of Sumatra, the South Coast of Java, Bali, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Maluku, Irian, Flores. is a performance-based method (performance). Performance-based methods aim to produce structures that have predictable results in the event of an earthquake.
The determining parameter is the performance goal. A building can be designed based on one or more performance objectives, for example, a residential building can be designed for two performance objectives, namely a full compression building, no damage, continuous service with low and high intensity earthquakes. The next performance objective is to achieve failure prevention in low and high intensity earthquakes.
Thus, damage to the construction is allowed to occur, but does not endanger the lives of the occupants and repairs can be carried out again.
Traditional Bamboo and Wood Building
Buildings made of bamboo and wood can be an alternative solution in areas with high earthquake intensity, including the area of West Sulawesi. Bamboo is the fastest growing renewable natural building material, still available and friendly environment even the mature skin becomes a strong reinforcement to withstand structural loads both vertically and horizontally.
Structurally, the bamboo material bends easily, gives the desired shape and can provide joints to conform to the construction. Its extraordinary elasticity makes it a building that can withstand earthquake shocks.
When an earthquake occurs, bamboo and wood constructions experience very little swaying movement compared to reinforced concrete or reinforced steel constructions because the mass produced is less to cause stress on the structure.
The properties of bamboo and wood as building materials have been known for centuries. Popular for being light, strong, affordable and sustainable so that it can provide solutions for construction needs in earthquake-prone areas or locations.
However, in utilizing bamboo and wood materials, it is necessary to design an appropriate, simple construction model and pay attention to the foundation model, connection patterns on the columns, beams, and roofs. The behavior of earthquake-resistant structures is also very dependent on the ability of the connection connections to withstand earthquake loads laterally.
Therefore, the connection in the use of bamboo and wood construction materials plays a key role in creating earthquake-resistant construction.
So, there is nothing wrong if we switch to making residential houses or simple buildings in earthquake-prone areas in an effort to save lives if an earthquake occurs at any time. This construction structure can perform well in resisting intense ground motion.
source : https://beritalima.com/live-dalam-risk-gempa-review-aspect-structural-building-impact-gempa/
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